Practice of subverting video game rules or mechanics to gain an unfair advantage

Typical ESP showing the health, name and bounding box of an entity

Cheating in online games is the subversion of the rules or mechanics of online video games to gain an unfair advantage over other players, generally with the use of third-party software.^[1] ^[2] What constitutes adulterous is dependent on the game in question, its rules, and consensus opinion as to whether a particular activity is considered to be cheating.

Adulterous is present in nearly multiplayer online games, simply it is difficult to measure.^[3] ^[4] The Net and darknets can provide players with the methodology necessary to crook in online games, with software often available for purchase.^[5]

Bots and software assistance [edit]

Aimbots and triggerbots [edit]

An aimbot or autoaim is a blazon of computer game bot near ordinarily used in start-person shooter games to provide varying levels of automated target acquisition and calibration to the thespian. They are sometimes used along with a triggerbot, which automatically shoots when an opponent appears inside the field-of-view or aiming reticule of the role player.

Aimbotting relies on each players' client figurer receiving information about all other players, whether they are visible from the actor's position or not. Targeting is a matter of determining the location of any opponent relative to the histrion's location and pointing the player'south weapon at the target. This targeting works regardless of whether the opponent is behind walls or as well far abroad to be seen directly.

Some servers let inactive players to spectate, watching the game from the viewpoints of the agile players. Recording of gameplay actions is besides frequently possible. If someone was using a targeting aimbot, the bot would be obvious to the spectator as unnatural exact position tracking. Some aimbots and triggerbots endeavour to hide from spectators the fact they are existence used through a number of methods, such as delaying firing to hibernate the fact it shoots the instant an opponent is in the cheater's crosshair. Some Triggerbot programs tin be easily toggled on and off using the mouse or keyboard.

Cheat suites may incorporate these in addition to other features, including adjustments to extrasensory perception (ESP), move speed, ammo count, and player radar. Neophytes may colloquially define these suites as aimbot programs.

Artificial lag/lag switch [edit]

In the peer-to-peer gaming model, lagging is what happens when the stream of data between ane or more players gets slowed or interrupted, causing movement to stutter and making opponents announced to behave erratically. By using a lag switch, a role player is able to disrupt uploads from the client to the server, while their ain client queues up the actions performed. The goal is to proceeds advantage over some other player without reciprocation; opponents slow downward or stop moving, allowing the lag switch user to hands outmaneuver them. From the opponent'southward perspective, the role player using the device may appear to exist teleporting, invisible or invincible, while the opponents suffer delayed animations and fast-forwarded game play, delivered in bursts.^[6] Some gaming communities refer to this method as "tapping" which refers to the users "tapping" on and off their internet connection to create the lag.

The term "lag switch" encompasses many methods of disrupting the network advice between a customer and its server. Ane method is past attaching a physical device, called a hardware lag switch, to a standard Ethernet cable. By flipping the switch on and off, the physical connection betwixt the client and the server is disrupted. The designers of video game console hardware take started to introduce built-in protection against lag switches in the form of voltage detectors, which notice a change in voltage when the switch is flipped. Some manufacturers have taken counter measures to featherbed or play a trick on this detector.^[7] ^{[ amend source needed ]} This tin can also exist accomplished by simply unplugging the Ethernet cord going to the client, causing a disruption in the player'due south internet connectedness. Other methods, chosen a software or wireless lag switch, involve using a figurer programme. In this method, the cheater runs an application on a computer connected to the same network as the client. The application hogs the network bandwidth, disrupting the communication between the client and its server. Even so, ane cannot do this for an unlimited amount of time. At some bespeak, if no traffic is being received, most game clients and/or game servers will decide that the connexion has been lost and volition remove the player from the game. In some P2P games, it tin result in all players lagging or being disconnected from the game.

More advanced methods are firewall or router rules that employ bandwidth shaping and network latency, a cheat is able to adjust limits on both bandwidth and latency to stay relevant to a P2P network withal have considerable advantage over other players.

Look-ahead [edit]

Look-ahead cheating is a method of cheating within a peer-to-peer multiplayer gaming architecture where the cheating client gains an unfair advantage by delaying their deportment to see what other players do before announcing its own action.^[8]

A client tin cheat using this method past acting as if information technology is suffering from high latency; the outgoing packet is forged by attaching a time-stamp that is prior to the bodily moment the packet is sent, thereby fooling other clients into thinking that the activity was sent at the right time, but was delayed in arrival. A fractional solution is the lockstep protocol.

World-hacking [edit]

World-hacking is a method or third-party program that enables a user to exploit bugs and to view more of a level than intended past the developer.

A mutual aspect of real-fourth dimension strategy games is the player's partial limitation or complete inability to see beyond the visibility range of individual game objects that are under their ownership (typically units and structures); this concept is controlled past a mechanism known as the fog of war. Globe-hacking normally enables the user to bypass this machinery, either by removing it entirely and/or by rendering objects through the fog that would not normally be visible.^[3] In multiplayer modes, this allows for a singled-out advantage against the other players who are subject to the intended settings. The reward gained can be substantial, specially for the boilerplate existent-time strategy games that rely on the rock paper scissors dynamic to rest out individual objects' varying strengths and weaknesses.

Globe-hacking may likewise let a histrion to run across through solid or opaque objects and/or dispense or remove textures, to know in advance when an opponent is well-nigh to come up into targeting range from an occluded area. This tin can exist washed by making wall textures transparent, or modifying the game maps to insert polygonal holes into otherwise solid walls. This variation is commonly known as a "wallhack" since it basically allows to the player to see enemies through walls.

Earth-hacking relies on the fact that an FPS server usually sends raw positional information for all players in the game, and leaves it upwards to the client's 3D renderer to hide opponents behind walls, in plant foliage, or in dark shadows. If the game map rendering could be turned off completely, all players could be seen moving around in what appears to be empty space. Complete map hiding offers no advantage to a cheater as they would exist unable to navigate the invisible map pathways and obstacles. Yet, if only certain surfaces are made transparent or removed, this leaves just enough of an outline of the world to allow the cheater nevertheless to navigate it easily.

Asus released wireframe display drivers in 2001 that enabled players to use wallhacks, announcing the settings equally "special weapons" that users could employ in multiplayer games. In a poll past the Online Gamers Association, xc% of its members were against the release of the drivers.^[nine]

Unsporting play [edit]

Boosting / Win trading [edit]

Players will fix multiple accounts to play against each other. Ordinarily, the principal business relationship volition exist allowed to win through a deliberate lack of resistance from the secondary account(s) due to those accounts existence unplayed or those players agreeing to lose. The major trouble with this method is its high toll, every bit the boosting actor must run at to the lowest degree 2 instances of the program simultaneously, usually on different PCs, IP addresses, and copies of the game. Additionally, some games allow the replays of matches to exist uploaded and viewed by others; if the boosting player accidentally allows this, their boosting match can be seen by others. Some players will reverse roles between games, giving each business relationship an equal win/loss record.

Even without lucifer recordings being seen, players who heave can usually exist hands identified, since they will accept an unnaturally loftier number of points in relation to the number of matches played.

Disconnecting [edit]

In games where wins and losses are recorded on a player's account, a actor may disconnect when he or she is well-nigh to lose in social club to prevent that loss from existence recorded. This is usually done by activating known in-game glitches or through third-party sources via "IP booting" (a feature of firewall software). Some players do this if they experience their opponent is existence unfair. Some games implement a disconnection penalty, commonly by recording the disconnect as a loss, a deduction of experience, or even Elo points. Certain games besides have a 'disconnect delay' period earlier the player tin disconnect that can last 10–30 seconds. This prevents a player from instantly disconnecting if they are about to die or lose. In some games, if a player disconnects they can receive a warning or even get locked out of online play for a brusque flow.

Rapid Burn down Modifications (Macros) [edit]

In many games, weapons can be fired in burst fire or single shot fire modes. Modifying a controller or keyboard/mouse to gain the advantage of having a faster firing weapon than the standard histrion can be considered a method of cheating. These modifications can create an imbalance within the game. In improver to modifying a console or its controller, it is possible to achieve a similar effect on the PC by binding the firing button to the whorl bike of a mouse, or past using a macro setting that will simulate rapid key presses automatically. However, most games limit the charge per unit at which weapons can be fired, regardless of how fast a role player presses the button, in social club to limit this form of cheating.

Exploits [edit]

Exploiting is the application of an unintended feature or issues that gives the player an advantage not intended past the game design. Exploiting is generally considered cheating by the gaming community at large due to the unfair advantage usually gained past the exploiter. Most software developers of online games prohibit exploiting in their terms of service and frequently issue sanctions against players found to be exploiting. At that place is some contention by exploiters that exploiting should not be considered adulterous as information technology is merely taking advantage of deportment allowed past the software. Some players view exploiting every bit a skill because certain exploits take a significant corporeality of time to find, or dexterity and timing to use.^{[ further explanation needed ]}

Farming and stat-padding [edit]

In games where achievements and rewards are unlocked by defeating human enemies, especially in unorthodox ways, players may adapt to win or lose against one some other in guild to obtain achievements without having to play the game linearly. This is too known as stat-padding, swapping, or boosting.

The term farming besides refers to the practice of garnering achievements or virtual property for the purpose of real-money-trading.^[x] With rare exception, this has no direct consequence on the gaming feel of other players; instead, information technology is a violation of about EULAs and could devalue the virtual holding being farmed.

Character sharing [edit]

Sharing is when multiple people take turns playing every bit a single character — mainly in MMORPGs — to gain an reward by spending more time per mean solar day on leveling or farming than an average player would, and consequently having college stats or better equipment.

Twinking [edit]

Twinking is the human action of transferring gear intended for college level characters to lower level characters that would be incapable of obtaining the gear on their ain. Twinked characters take a huge advantage over untwinked characters, as well as the rest of the game earth. This is usually used by players who wish to create a new character, either to help them level more rapidly or to gain an unfair advantage in PvP (i.e. histrion versus player, a type of multiplayer interactive conflict). About MMORPGs tolerate it, provided that the twinked character is not used in PvP combat against not-twinked characters. Oftentimes limits on twinking are placed into the game, usually through strict level or stat requirements to equip the detail. Circumventing these level requirements would then be further adulterous.^[11]

Ghosting [edit]

About games allow other participants to discover the game as it is played from a variety of perspectives; depending on the game, perspectives allow an observer a map overview or adhere a "camera" to the movement of a specific player. In doing and so, the observer can communicate with an accomplice using a secondary communication methodology (in-game individual message, tertiary party communication, or even off-line) to inform friendly players of traps or the position of opponents. An observer can be an agile player, using a carve up calculator, connexion and account.

Some systems prevent inactive players from observing the game if they are on the aforementioned IP address every bit an active player, on the grounds that they are probably in close concrete proximity; when all players from a single IP accost are no longer active participants, they are all allowed to detect. However, this restriction can be easily evaded if in that location are multiple IP addresses available at one location (a common characteristic of broadband subscriptions), or if the observer installs remote desktop software on their computer, thus enabling their calculator screen to exist viewed by select other players in real time.

Additionally, this may exist used against players livestreaming to platforms like Twitch to discover the player and their team's position and stats. This is oftentimes referred to every bit stream sniping.

Secret alliances [edit]

Also known as "teaming or pre-teaming", this grade of cheating occurs when 2 or more than players conspire to appoint a secret, unofficial alliance of co-operative play to requite themselves an unfair advantage over other players. It is considered cheating in many games that have a free for all deathmatch or Concluding man standing mode. Characteristics of this cheating, in detail, is when players in the same multiplayer server appoint in secondary communication between each other using third-party software and/or using remote desktop software to observe the screens of the secret "allies" while one is playing that offers considerable tactical and/or strategic advantages over all other players outside of the "alliance". This blazon of cheating is very problematic in some games because it is frequently very difficult to bear witness as there is no hacking, exploits or game modifications involved, usually requiring the intervention of game server admins to monitor multiplayer sessions in order to catch players engaging in acts of teaming.

Stacking [edit]

Stacking involves altering game settings or squad lineups to requite one or more teams an unfair advantage over others. Ane instance includes arranging a team composed of skilled or professional players against a team with members of lesser skill. Although this may be a valid and accepted practice in existent-life sports, in online games stacking upsets less-skilled players who feel that they aren't being given a off-white chance. Less ethical rigging involves weighting the game past providing a thespian or team with an advantage by outfitting them with better (or more familiar) weapons or equipment, or creating a play field that caters to a certain player, team or playing style. This besides may involve creating squad-size inequalities, for example a 5 vs 10 match. Many games prevent this by preventing players from joining a team with more players than the opposing side, forcing newcomers to residuum the teams.

Scripting [edit]

Scripting is the apply of a programme or game feature to automate certain actions or behaviors. The use of scripts may or may not exist considered cheating, depending on the behavior involved, and whether said behaviour is replicable without the use of such script. A script may give the user unusually fast firing rate, unobtainable otherwise, or may perform seemingly piddling tasks such as reloading. Some scripts can also tamper with other players' systems past spoofing commands.

Implementation of cheats [edit]

In the customer–server model, the server is responsible for information security and enforcing game rules. (See "Anti-cheating methods and limitations" beneath for drawbacks.) In the peer-to-peer gaming model, clients run equal code but are still subject area to nigh of the same type of cheats establish in the customer–server multiplayer model; even so, the peer-to-peer multiplayer model has been deprecated in favor of the client–server model with the wider adoption of loftier-speed networks.^[12] ^[13] ^[xiv]

"Never trust the customer" is a maxim among game developers (as well every bit other developers) that summarizes the model of customer–server game design.^[15] ^[16] ^[17] It means that no information sent from a client should exist accustomed by a server if it breaks the game rules or the bones mechanics of the game, and that no data should be sent to a client unless it is "need-to-know." For example, a server with no rule enforcement or data integrity checking volition synchronize all of the clients with all of the information about all of the other clients. The server will be very fast, but whatsoever wallhack program will reveal where all the players in the game are, what squad they are on, and what state they're in — wellness, weapon, ammo etc. At the same time, altered and erroneous data from a client will allow a player to break the game rules, manipulate the server, and fifty-fifty dispense other clients.

Game lawmaking modification [edit]

Many cheats are implemented past modifying game software, despite EULAs which preclude modification. While game software distributed in binary-just versions makes it harder to change code, reverse engineering science is possible. Likewise game data files can be edited separately from the main plan and thereby circumvent protections implemented in software.

Organization software modification [edit]

Rather than modifying the game code (which the game itself or a 3rd-party protection system may detect), some cheats modify underlying organisation components. An instance of this is graphics driver modifications that ignore depth checking and draw all objects on the screen—a primitive wallhack. Organization or driver modification is harder to detect, as at that place are a large number of organisation drivers that differ from user to user.

Packet interception and manipulation [edit]

The security of game software can exist circumvented by intercepting and/or manipulating data (divided into "packets") in existent-time while in transit from the client to the server or vice versa (i.e. a man-in-the-centre attack). Interception tin can exist passive or result in active manipulation; either method^{[ ambiguous ]} can be performed on the customer machine itself or via an external communication proxy; some aimbots contain this method.^{[ ambiguous ]}

Anti-cheating methods and limitations [edit]

There are many facets of cheating in online games which make the creation of a system to terminate cheating very difficult; however, game developers and 3rd-party software developers have created or are developing^[18] ^[19] technologies that attempt to forbid cheating. Such countermeasures are unremarkably used in video games, with notable anti-crook software beingness GameGuard, PunkBuster, Valve Anti-Cheat (specifically used on games on the Steam platform),^{[ citation needed ]} and EasyAntiCheat.^[20]

Exploits of bugs are usually resolved/removed via a patch to the game; nevertheless, not all companies forcefulness the patches/updates on users, leaving the bodily resolution to individual users.

[edit]

Generally, the better the server is at enforcing the rules, the less of a problem cheating will be in the game.^[21] In this approach all customer functionality either runs purely on the game server or alternatively the game server mirrors the client gameplay and continuously validates the game state. In many mobile games, information technology is a common practice to run the client game sessions synchronously on the server, using exactly the same user input. The customer session is reset when the game sessions become unsynced, thereby preventing cheating.

Server-side game code makes a trade-off betwixt calculating and sending results for brandish on a only-in-time basis or trusting the client to calculate and display the results in appropriate sequence every bit a player progresses. It can do this by sending the parts of the world land needed for immediate display, which tin can event in client lag under bandwidth constraints, or sending the player the unabridged world state, which results in faster display for the player under the same bandwidth constraints, but exposes that data to interception or manipulation—a trade-off between security and efficiency.

When game servers were restricted past limited available resources such equally storage, memory, internal bandwidth, and computational chapters due to the technologies available and the cost of the hardware, coupled with net connections that were ho-hum, it was believed to be necessary to compromise on security for optimization to minimize the impact on the end-user. Today nonetheless, with the increased speed and power of multi-core computers, lower-priced hardware, and the increased availability of broadband net, this has become less of an outcome.

Software obfuscation [edit]

Additionally to storing information in non-standard formats, some games also utilize runtime protection through software protectors. The key target is to proceed attackers from directly inspecting or modifying compiled software. Protectors employ any of three methods to protect software.

Encryption solutions volition encrypt the code instructions and typically use a multi–layered defense mechanism against any reversing or tampering attempts that target the decryption code directly. Most protection systems in this category encrypt the code and then decrypt it at the application'south startup or during runtime. This is the moment at which an attacker will breakpoint, reverse, and inject custom code. Runtime decryption may too add significant processing overhead and lower the game's framerate. Alternatively, some solutions focus on obfuscating the lawmaking by inserting jump statements and seemingly random instruction paths. The final and strongest alternative is virtualization.^[22] In this arroyo the encrypted code runs on a virtual CPU that can be markedly different from generic x86 and x64 CPUs as the command prepare tin can be unique for each protected file.

The shared weakness of protectors and virtualizers is that they bear upon operation, either by requiring decryption or past introducing unnecessary CPU instructions. To reduce the overhead code virtualizers are often only used to secure the critical parts of the code base, such as those interfacing with the gamestate and rendering.

Player supervision [edit]

Spectator functionality tin allow server administrators to monitor individual players and thereby decide whether or not a cheat is in identify. One take chances of the spectator mode is that in competitive matches the spectator could abuse the fashion for spying on specific players and communicating actor positions and tactics to the opposing team. Some games get around this limitation by not allowing spectator mode at all, or by delaying the video feed.^[23]

Some games have systemized player supervision by allowing the community to review reports of disruptive behavior, decide whether those reports are valid, and apply temporary bans if appropriate. Reports tin can include information such as screenshots, videos, and chatlogs.

Anomaly detection [edit]

Anomalies in histrion behavior can be detected by statistically analyzing game events sent by the client to the server. The benefit is that this anti–crook method is non–intrusive to the player'southward privacy and guaranteed to piece of work on all end–user arrangement configurations. The restriction of this method is that it cannot ever be clear whether or non a player is cheating. Highly skilled players can for example develop such a map sense that they may terminate up being flagged for the employ of a wallhack and/or aimbot. On the other hand, players may also cheat in a way that is under the detection thresholds and remain uncaught.

To reduce the amount of fake positives, statistical detection systems are oftentimes combined with a supervision arrangement that either is community driven or managed by a professional administrator team. In such implementations unusual histrion behavior can trigger a client-side component to create and upload reports for review.

Pattern detection [edit]

Pattern detection systems scan the role player's hard drives and organisation memory for known cheat code or programs. Compared to statistical detection the central advantage is that also the subtle cheaters are detected. Other than this, a pure blueprint detection arroyo generally has few advantages. Experience has shown that keeping detection-based systems upwards to date is relatively tedious and labor-intensive as one needs to constantly track down cheats and update detection patterns. Terminate–users may also be concerned with privacy bug, such as has been the case with VAC (Valve Anti-Cheat) accessing browsing history.^[24]

Sandboxing [edit]

Sandboxing a software process can protect against potentially malicious deportment such equally code injection and memory modifications that would otherwise tamper with the game.^[25] One of the key benefits of sandboxing is that information technology can effectively prevent the underlying cheat mechanisms from working, and thereby can avoid the need for banning game community members every bit cheats simply don't work. Additionally, strong prevention mechanisms can stop many game hackers from targeting the game considering of elevated skill requirements. Compared to pattern detection systems, sandboxing is generally not privacy invasive, every bit the arroyo requires no data to be uploaded to foreign back-end systems.

Organisation incompatibility [edit]

Anti-cheat software commonly use low-level system interfaces not intended by the OS vendor for public use. As a issue, they are a common source of incompatibilities with newer versions of operating systems and security measures every bit well as culling Os API implementations such as WineHQ.^[26] For example, Windows enables Hypervisor-protected Code Integrity (HVCI) by default in every market place except Chinese and Korean installations due to anti-cheat compatibility bug.^[27]

Ramifications [edit]

Game publishers can implement a wide array of consequences for cheating players.

Banning players [edit]

Some game publishers may decide to try and permanently ban players who are persistent in cheating and ruining the game community. Such bans are typically placed based on hardware ID or IP accost. Consequently, cheaters may develop ways of getting around these bans, by either playing through proxy or VPN servers, or spoofing or irresolute their hardware configuration.^[28]

Some companies and leagues ban suspected cheaters by blacklisting specific installation or serial keys, or user accounts, meaning that the player is effectively prevented from playing the game online. Sure games are known to identify cheaters and "shadow ban" them past placing them in matchmaking with other cheaters just, so equally not to let the cheaters know that they have been identified.^[29] ^[thirty]

While game publishers are known to ban players employing cheats, the actual number of players banned is normally not revealed. Exceptions to this include Blizzard Amusement, Nexon, and CipSoft, known for banning cheaters in batches, and publicising the number of banned accounts, presumably in order to discourage others from cheating.^[31]

Interruption [edit]

In some cases a ban may non be permanent and expire after a certain period of time. This arroyo is commonly used as a ramification for the abuse of game glitches, harassing players, or benefiting from hackers. Temporary bans may also be utilized in example a violation cannot be fully proven, as is common with anti-cheating methods based on supervision or statistical detection.

In-game kicking [edit]

In full general kick is perceived as a balmy ramification, serving as a warning rather than a penalization for the player in question. Some anti-cheat systems may decide to kick players out of a game server when the organisation integrity cannot be enforced nor exist determined with certainty.^[32] Other anti-cheat methods may also utilize kicks as an instant punishment for presumably unfair game play behavior.^[33]

Some games may likewise provide the community with the choice of voting for particular players to be kicked. Such a organisation provides the power to self-regulate and finer go rid of calumniating players without depending on supervision or other anti-cheat methods.^[34] Even though vote boot brings many benefits, it may also serve as a tool for trolling or griefing past assuasive for legitimate players to exist removed out of the game through the voting process.^[35]

Demotion [edit]

When a violation is the result of farming or stat-padding, it may be too severe of a punishment to suspend or ban players. Some games, therefore, implement a system of demotion in which the offender is moved to a lower rank (demoting), the reverse of a promotion.

Progress-removal [edit]

In several games where points are used, if a player is caught cheating they will get their score reset to the base value that is practical when a new role player joins the server.

Legal measures [edit]

In recent years, countries including South korea and China take criminalized the auction or use of cheats in video games.^[36] ^[37] The presence of cheaters in online games may button abroad the legitimate playerbase and reduce overall profits in the industry, leading to game developers working with legislative bodies or enforcement agencies.^[37]

Historically, some game companies have besides filed conform against individuals or commercial entities that accept created and sold adulterous tools in video games as a ways to adjourn their employ. In Apr 2013, coder DrUnKeN Cheetah was sued by Nexon America for operating GameAnarchy, a popular subscription based crook provider for Combat Arms, and lost, Nexon being awarded $1.4M in damages.^[38] In January 2017, Riot Games successfully sued the LeagueSharp service, which offered a subscription-based hacking service for Anarchism's League of Legends, with a $x 1000000 laurels to exist paid to Riot.^[39] ^[40] Blizzard Amusement sued Bossland GMBH for distributing software hacks for several of its games, and was awarded $8.5 1000000 in damages.^[41] ^[42]

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^ ^a ^b Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo. "Within The 'World's Largest' Video Game Cheating Empire". www.vice.com . Retrieved 2 June 2021.
^ "Nexon America Inc et al v. Gameanarchy LLC et al".
^ Fingas, Jon. "'League of Legends' creator wins $ten one thousand thousand in cheating lawsuit". Engadget . Retrieved ii June 2021.
^ McAloon, Alissa (March 3, 2017). "Riot awarded $10 million following lawsuit against LeagueSharp". Gamasutra . Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ McAloon, Alissa (March fifteen, 2017). "Blizzard seeks $viii.5M from hack-maker Bossland over DMCA violations". Gamasutra . Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ McAloon, Alissa (Apr 4, 2017). "Blizzard awarded $8.5M in damages following copyright infringement lawsuit". Gamasutra . Retrieved April 4, 2017.

External links [edit]

Aspects of Networking in Multiplayer Reckoner Games by J.Smed et al., The Electronic Library, book 20, number 2, pages 87–97, 2002.
Fair Online Gaming Information on Intel's anti-cheat enquiry initiative and applied science.

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